Bernard, † 1153; Cistercian abbot of Clairvaux; reformer and spiritual author (e.g., On Loving God; eighty-six sermons on the Canticle of Canticles); preached against the Albigensians; founded sixty-eight monasteries; preached the 2nd Crusade; denounced injustice and worked for peace; known as Doctor mellifluus; patron of Gibraltar.